Revonsuo - Inner Presence
Book	Page		Topic
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	16		Conceptualize consciousness as the phenomenal level of organization in the brain.
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	95		Neural basis of consciousness is realized during REM sleep.		79
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	95		Synchronous gamma-band oscillations have been shown to correlate with consciousness in humans and animals.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	96		Synchronized gamma rhythms have been recorded over the neocortex during waking and REM sleep by using magnetoencephalography.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	96		Gamma-band synchronous oscillations are associated with the realization of the phenomenal level in the awake state.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	99		Metaphors of Consciousness		3
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	99		At a stage of scientific research when there is no well-developed theory available of the phenomenon to be explained, the explanations are often described in terms of a suitable metaphor.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	99		A fruitful metaphor captures the essential features of a phenomenon in a single, captivating picture.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	99		A famous metaphor in physics is Bohr's model of the internal structure of the atom. The atom was compared to the solar system where several planets (electrons) orbit around the sun (the nucleus).		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	105		The representation of the world in dreams is so amazingly realistic that it is fully justified to call it a "reality."		6
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	105		In both wakefulness and in dreaming we have similar representations of a "world" or a "reality."		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	106		Consciousness at the phenomenal level is engaged in internal "world simulation."		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	109		"World-Simulation" Metaphor of Consciousness		3
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	109		The "world simulation" metaphor captures consciousness from the first-person point of view -- the way we subjectively experience it.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	111		Consciousness at the phenomenal level is described as self-in-world, full immersion or presence as the you-are-there experience.		2
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	119		World-simulation metaphor of consciousness		8
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	181		The phenomenal contents of consciousness make up a world of subjective experience -- a world simulation.		62
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	181		Throughout our waking and dreaming lives, we find ourselves in the center of a phenomenal world simulation.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	181		Consciousness involves a hierarchical structure -- first comes phenomenal space, then qualities in this space, then organized bundles of qualities, then meaningful bundles of qualities.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	181		Visual shape is the presence of an organized pattern of qualitative features in a phenomenal coordinate system.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	182		The phenomenal world is largely constituted by multitude of organized patterns of qualities.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	192		Virtual Objects As Gestalt Windows and Semantic Windows		10
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	192		Phenomenal features of an object and its overall gestalt.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	193		Hierarchical Organization of the Virtual World		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	193		Virtual world consists of the following hierarchy -- phenomenal space, qualities, patterns of qualities, virtual objects (gestalt windows and semantic windows), virtual place, and map location.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	197		Binding and the Phenomenal Unity of Consciousness		4
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	197		One of the most conspicuous features of consciousness is its unity.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	197		The binding problem is the difficulty in seeing how any brain mechanisms could account for the phenomenal unity of consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	207		Binding and Phenomenal Disunity I -- What Visual Disorders Tell Us about Consciousness		10
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	207		Gestalt psychologists discovered several "laws" or principles that the visual system uses to organize the content of visual awareness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	207		Visual perception groups basic elements in the phenomenal visual field in such a way that those elements are experienced as perceptual units that naturally belong together.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	208		As a result of the principles of perceptual organization, we are in our conscious visual perception surrounded by a world of coherent bundles of qualitative features: virtual objects (Gestalt windows).		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	208		Patients suffering from apperceptive agnosia have widespread brain damage in the occipital cortex and surrounding regions; a typical cause of the damage is carbon monoxide poisoning.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	227		Binding and Phenomenal Disunity II -- Objects in Space		19
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	227		As we serially scan our surroundings, not only do the elementary features of objects become bound into coherent entities, but we instantaneously know what kinds of objects are present.  A separate object activates a coherent network of semantic knowledge.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	227		We not only see a coherent bundle of features ("Gestalt window"), we see it as a representative of a specific category of objects ("semantic window").		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	228		To transform a Gestalt window to a meaningful virtual object requires semantic-conceptual binding.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	228		Location Binding and the Space around Us		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	229		We not only immediately see the shape and identity of an object, we are also aware of its position in relation to our body and to other objects in the scene.  This is a location binding.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	235		Split-Brain Patients		6
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	239		Binding in Dreams		4
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	239		Binding and Dream Bizarreness		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	239		In the dream world we often experience unusual combinations of perceptual features forming novel, creative, even absolutely crazy or nonsensical wholes.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	239		Dream experiences reveal how binding mechanisms in the brain go awry during sleep.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	242		Failures of Semantic-Conceptual Binding in Dreams		3
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	246		Mechanisms of Bizarreness in Dreams		4
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	252		Dreaming brain reveals how the phenomenal level is put together even in the absence of sensory input.		6
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	252		In the dreaming brain, phenomenal features are bound to locations in simulated space; object parts are bound together to construct integrated simulated objects; objects and persons are recognized and identified as particular objects and persons; they are temporally continuous and embedded in the overall spatial context of the phenomenal world.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	253		Specialized modules produce the Gestalt windows, the of phenomenal surrogates of objects, almost flawlessly.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	253		Dreaming shows a high level of organization and may serve important functions.  The physiologically normal state of dreaming may be indispensable in trying to understand how the brain puts together the inner simulated reality -- the phenomenal level of organization in the brain.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	255		Cognitive Mechanisms of Phenomenal Unity		2
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	259		Consciousness and Attention		4
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	259		In cognitive science, attention has been the concept that comes closest to consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	259		Often "attention," "awareness," and "consciousness" are treated as referring to more or less the same thing, although their precise relation is rarely explicated.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	259		Attention is a necessary prerequisite of consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	259		The contents of consciousness equal to or fully determined by the contents of selective attention.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	265		Phenomenal Vision outside the Attentional Spotlight		6
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	265		The world simulation metaphor claims that visual phenomenology also exist outside of the focus of attention, and before attentional selection takes place.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	266		Our subjective phenomenal visual field is structured through attention into two parts -- the region of focal awareness and the surrounding regions of the peripheral awareness.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	266		A paradigm example of phenomenal experience outside attention are the regions of the visual field where attention has not yet focused -- call them regions of preattentive vision.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	266		The preattentive scene is merely a collection of unrecognized objects and a rough spatial layout.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	266		Attention moves across the field of preattentive visual stuff, selecting among the loose bundles of candidate objects, choosing one to enter the focus of attention.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	266		When the focus of attention settles on one object, it becomes a coherent virtual or phenomenal object that can be recognized (i.e. that can open a semantic window).		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	266		When the focus of attention departs from a virtual object, it falls apart again, rapidly receding back to the state where it was before attention arrived.  It becomes again just a bundle of loosely related features without any global shape.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	267		A virtual, phenomenal object is instantaneously reconstructed from a few pieces of disorganized visual phenomenal stuff.  But the life of an organized virtual object is short. As soon as the spotlight of attention departs, the virtual object a shattered into pieces once more.  But in some other place in which the focus of attention has moved, another virtual object is being created for its short-lived existence.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	267		Attention seems to be necessary only for visual awareness of coherent objects, but outside focal attention, there is a whole field of phenomenal visual background, full of phenomenal visual stuff that is not organized into coherent visual objects.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	268		There is a constant interplay between the preattentive phenomenal background, selective attention and the focus of consciousness, and the coherently bound visual information transferred to reflective consciousness.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	268		Incoherent bundles of preattentive features can be experienced only as vague parts of the phenomenal background, before being attended.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	268		We have the subjective feeling that we are at all times surrounded by world of coherent meaningful objects, even when we do not necessarily focus on those objects or see them as tightly bound entities.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	268		When we focus on an object, it instantaneously becomes coherent and meaningful; and after we have focused on it even once, it tends to remain meaningful for us even if it becomes just blurry figure in the phenomenal background.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	269		Neural Mechanisms of Binding		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	269		Grandmother cell coding, population coding, and temporal coding are the three major theories that had been put forward to solve the neural binding problem.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		Temporal Binding		3
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		The notion of temporal coding posits that one specific cell assembly is distinguished from others by the synchronicity of firing in all the members belonging to the same assembly.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		Different but simultaneously active assemblies can be distinguished from each other by the timing of their activity (rather than the level of activity).		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		Synchronous activity may constitute a recurrent regular pattern or oscillatory rhythm.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		An oscillatory rhythm exhibits a characteristic frequency of coherent neuron discharges at perhaps 40 Hz.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		Wolfgang Singer, one of the main architects of the theory of temporal coding, presented several predictions that may be derived from the temporal coding hypothesis.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		Spatially segregated neurons should synchronize their responses if activated by features that can be grouped together to form one perceptual unit.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		Synchronization should be frequent among neurons within a particular cortical area, but it should also occur across cortical areas.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		The probability that neurons synchronize their responses both within a particular area and across areas should reflect some of the gestalt criteria used for perceptual grouping.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		Individual cells must be able to rapidly change the partners with which they synchronize their responses if stimulus configurations change and require new associations.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		If more than one object is present in a scene, several assemblies should form.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	272		Synchronization probability should depend on the functional architecture of reciprocal corticocortical connections and should change if this architecture is modified.  Specifically, the disruption of synchronization should impair visual perception.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	273		Synchronization of neural activity has been found to oscillate around 35 to 45 Hz.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	273		Synchronization is observable among adjacent cells in the same visual area, between spatially segregated cell groups within the same visual area, between groups in different visual areas, and even between groups of cells located in visual areas of the two different hemispheres.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	273		Gestalt features of the stimulus strongly modulate synchronization.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	273		Wolfgang Singer suggests that synchronization reflects Gestalt criteria for perceptual grouping (proximity, similarity, continuity, common fate).		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	273		Singer has suggested that neural mechanisms of synchronization are primarily mediated by intracortical (i.e. corticocortical) connections.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	273		A theoretical model of synchronizing connections incarnates the Gestalt criteria for perceptual grouping.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		Synchronization spreads to all those neurons in the interaction skeleton that are both independently activated and directly connected by Gestalt cues.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		Local synchronization is easily achieved because of the perceptual grouping criterion of proximity.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		The spread of synchronization to neurons not directly connected with each other could be achieved by a regular firing pattern, such as oscillations within a narrow frequency band.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		A regularly oscillating rhythm is essential for global synchronization between all the elements of that whole.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		Global synchronization can be established via the transitivity of synchronization even across several synaptic connections.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		If each pair of two adjacent, directly connected cells are firing in synchrony with the same regular frequency, then necessarily all the neurons participating in the same pattern do, even ones distant from each other in the interaction skeleton.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		This transitivity of synchronization is proposed to account for the nonlocal Gestalt grouping criteria.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		Transitivity of synchronization could create the connectedness between separated elements of the same contour of separate features of the same object.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		Bottom-up binding during sensory input processing must be augmented by top-down influences that have a role in establishing perceptual wholes.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		In Singer's theory, attention is seen as an internal, top down synchronization mechanism that is needed especially to organize complex feature combinations.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		Attended percepts differ from non-attended ones in that the responses of neurons coding for the attended percept are strongly synchronized with each other.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	274		Although the representation of the perceptual whole is realized in intracortical connections, the attentional modulation of synchronization may be realized through subcortical connections such as thalamocortical interactions.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	277		Cortical synchronization can be observed even in anesthetized animals.		3
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	277		Researchers Engle and Singer have formulated specific ideas about the relationship between neural synchrony and consciousness.  They propose that there are four processes (arousal, segmentation, selection, working memory) that may together form the neural correlate of awareness, and that the neural mechanisms of each of these processes involves neural synchrony.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	277		Arousal is characterized by an enhanced precision of neural synchrony and a shift to a high oscillation frequencies.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	277		Arousal seems to be a necessary condition of awareness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	277		Phenomenal consciousness is always organized, which requires the segmentation of different objects from each other and the background.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	277		If only a subset of all input information is selected to awareness, synchronization could act as a signature of those representations that will be made globally available to the system.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	278		Synchronization may transiently stabilize neural states so that the information can be held temporarily in a working memory mechanism.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	278		Synchronization could be the mechanism of selective attention and reflective consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	278		Researchers Engle and Singer speculate that temporal binding may establish patterns of large-scale coherence so that cross modality binding becomes possible.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	278		Researchers Engle and Singer propose their overall view of the neural basis of consciousness as a hierarchy of neural assemblies bound together by neural interactions in different frequency bands.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	278		Researchers Engle and Singer propose that synchronization is the neural mechanism of all the major aspects of consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	278		The original suggestion relating consciousness to neural synchrony goes back to Crick and Koch (1990) when they explicitly suggest a relationship between neural level binding through synchronization and the phenomenal level unity of perceived objects in visual consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	278		Crick and Koch emphasize the role of attention in generating coherent contents of consciousness, but otherwise there theory is quite consistent with that of Singer.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	278		Rodolfo Llinás (1994) proposed that 40 Hz oscillations subserving temporal binding are generated in thalamocortical loops.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	279		Much of the empirical evidence supporting the synchronization hypothesis has been based on invasive microelectrode studies of animal subjects.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	281		The temporal coding hypothesis has been found to be the most promising candidate to account for consciousness-related binding.		2
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	281		Empirical evidence from animal studies using multiunit recordings and from human studies using scalp recordings support the view that unified visual wholes are constructed with the help of synchronized neural oscillations in the gamma band.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	312		Only those events that were consciously apprehended or perceived at the time of their occurrence can lead to subsequent conscious recollection.		31
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	312		Much of the phenomenal visual field leaves no traces behind in the hippocampus.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	312		Hippocampus is densely connected to a multitude of different areas.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	312		The parietal lobe appears to be most important for bodily awareness and awareness of space.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	312		It seems that large-scale interaction between different areas is required for the phenomenal level of consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	312		Mechanisms of consciousness consists of networks in the brain that connect the diverse contents of consciousness into one coherent whole.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	312		The constituted mechanisms of consciousness must include an anatomically widespread complex network.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	313		In hemispatial neglect, half of phenomenal space disappears..  Typically, the lesions causing neglect in different patients overlap in the inferoposterior parietal region.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	313		Epileptic absence seizures, general anesthesia, and NREM sleep are all states in which the phenomenal level is temporarily disabled.  All of them involve remarkable changes in thalamocortical function.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	314		Epileptic absence seizures involve a brief transient loss of consciousness.  The cause of this loss appears to be the disruption of the high frequency thalamocortical oscillations. Suddenly, large numbers of thalamocortical loops are recruited to a much stronger, low-frequency (~3 Hz) pattern of the oscillatory activity.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	314		High frequency oscillations in the thalamocortical system appear necessary for supporting the phenomenal level.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	314		Functional brain imaging experiments on the loss of consciousness during anesthesia also point to the importance of the thalamus.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	314		A reduction in thalamocortical output may underlie the loss of consciousness in anesthesia.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	314		Brain imaging studies have revealed that during NREM sleep, glucose and oxygen utilization in the thalamus is a radically lowered.  This finding supports the idea that the thalamic level is strongly deactivated in NREM sleep.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	314		Data from various sources indicate that high frequency oscillatory activity in the thalamocortical network plays a decisive role in the mechanism of the conscious state.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	314		Thalamus forms complex feedback circuits with the cortex.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	314		Two types of thalamocortical networks can be distinguished -- diffused and focused.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	315		All visual cortical areas have their own independent connections with the thalamus.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	315		Overall picture that emerges from current theories is that the neural constituents of consciousness are not spatially localized in one precise place in the brain.  Instead, they probably form a complex system of corticocortical and thalamocortical networks, each contributing some essential features to the of phenomenal level of organization.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	315		Synchronous neural activity at high frequencies is the leading candidate among the potential neurophysiological mechanisms of consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	315		Gamma band oscillatory activity is involved in the conscious perception of unified visual objects both in humans and animals.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	315		Synchronization related to visual awareness of objects has been detected by invasive microelectrodes as well as noninvasive scalp electrodes.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	315		Some researchers propose that gamma-band synchronous activity in the cortex is necessary for consciousness.  Others regard synchronicity in the thalamocortical loops and subcortical circuits as more Important for consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	315		The anatomy and physiology of thalamocortical connections seemed just right for producing large-scale synchronous patterns.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	315		Thalamic cells show inherent oscillatory rhythmicity, and their connections to the cortex support both specific loops and widespread loops of coherent activity.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	315		There are both empirical and theoretical reasons to believe that synchronicity might serve as a mechanism for consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	315		Empirical evidence from a variety of sources points to a connection between consciousness and gamma-band synchronicity.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	316		Singer (2000) proposed that metarepresentations are the higher-level neural entities on which consciousness is based.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	316		Metarepresentations have a rich combinatorial complexity, the ability to reconfigure themselves rapidly, and the ability to handle contents that are completely unpredictable.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	316		Temporary association of neurons into functionally coherent assemblies could be the way to build metarepresentations. The assemblies could be defined by synchronization.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	316		Conceptually, build higher-level electrophysiological entities resembling the phenomenal objects in consciousness by using synchronicity of large neural assemblies as the mechanism.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	316		Synchronicity could be the microlevel mechanism underlying the phenomenal contents of consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	316		Dynamic core hypothesis (Edelman and Tononi, 2000) might be the basis of consciousness.  The dynamic core is a cluster of neuronal groups that strongly interact among themselves.  The cluster as a whole has distinct functional or physiological (rather than anatomical) borders with the rest of the brain.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	316		Where in the brain is the dynamic core localized?  Reentrant connections in the thalamocortical system are involved, but otherwise it is not localizable.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	316		The term "dynamic core" deliberately does not refer to a unique, invariant set of brain areas, and the core may change in composition from moment to moment.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	318		Master Loop Hypothesis		2
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	319		According to the master loop hypothesis the neural substrate of consciousness consists of large-scale electrophysiological or bioelectrical activity patterns that are enormously complex (probably involving millions of neurons and billions of synapses).		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	319		Synchronous oscillations or other forms of spatiotemporal coherent neural activity in the large-scale networks are the mechanism by which the conscious state, the subphenomenal space, and it's phenomenal contents are realized in the brain.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	319		The master loop networks are characterized by an architecture of recurrent connectivity.  That special architecture supports closed loops of coherent bioelectrical activity.  The loops extend "horizontally" across the cortex (like the feedback sweep in the ventral visual stream) and also "vertically" between the cortex and the thalamus ("specific" and "nonspecific" thalamocortical loops).		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	320		Top-down constraints take the features of subjective experience as a starting point, and try to descend from them to the features of the constitutive mechanisms.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	320		Bottom-up constraints look at neural systems that could realize large-scale coherent states and thus be plausible candidates for mechanisms of consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	320		Evidence for the neural basis of consciousness comes from many different empirical and theoretical sources.  When the sources are integrated, a converging picture starts to emerge.  Regarding the neural correlates of visual consciousness, the primary visual area and the frontal cortex seem to be not necessary.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	320		Parietal areas are necessary for the body image and the self.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	320		A network of thalamocorticosubcortical connections seems necessary for phenomenal space and for the state of being conscious.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	320		Coherent neural activity at high frequencies in the thalamocorticosubcortical areas is the prime candidate for the physiological mechanism that might constitute consciousness.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	320		The phenomenal level is not localized in any single cortical lobe, but involves a large distributed network of recurrent neural activities in corticocortical and thalamocortical loops.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	328		EEG abd MEG signal sources. (diagram)		8
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	330		Functional brain imaging with PET and fMRI.		2
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	331		Neither PET  nor fMRI detects electrophysiological or bioelectrical signals.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	331		PET detects gamma rays that originate when a positron is annihilated in the brain. The positron is generated when a radioactive isotope in the tracer compound (e.g. a radioactively labeled water or glucose molecule) in the bloodstream decays.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	331		In fMRI, it is the relative amount of oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood that is being detected, for these two forms display slightly different magnetic properties.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	331		The vascular supply where fMRI response is realized is regulated at a spatial scale (0.5 -- 1.5 mm in humans) that is several orders of magnitude larger than individual neurons.  This fact limits the ultimate spatial revolution achievable with fMRI.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	333		PET and fMRI images are not images of neurons or neural electrical activity, but of changes in the circulatory system in the brain.		2
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	333		In the temporal dimension, when neural activity increases in a location, there is a delay of several seconds before blood flow increases.  The fMRI signal starts at two seconds and reaches its peak at about 13 seconds from the stimulus onset.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	333		The colorful computer-generated images produced by PET and fMRI are not "images of the mind" or even "neuroimages," but rather images of blood flow or blood oxygenation levels in the brain.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	333		Structural MRI images mostly reflect proton densities of different tissues and give good spatial resolution and contrast between different tissues.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	335		Consciousness, or the phenomenal level of organization, probably resides at higher levels of complex electrophysiological and bioelectrical phenomena in the brain.		2
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	345		Global patterns of organized bioelectrical activity that constitutes the phenomenal level change in about the rate of once in 100 to 300 ms.		10
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	345		Synchronous oscillations on which the phenomenal level is based at the underlying microlevels are probably within the gamma range (20 -- 80 Hz).		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	345		The temporal resolution of the data recording must be at least as high as the rate of reorganization of the phenomenal level.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	345		What is the spatial scale in which the subjective just-noticeable differences of spatial location are realized within the phenomenal level?  We may speculate that it must be courser than the spatial scale of single neurons, but certainly much finer than the scale of 1 mm3.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	345		An ideal neural signal data recorder would sample data at the rate of 100 Hz, and could resolve spatial details of activity in volumes of space around 10-4mm3.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	345		An ideal neural signal data recorder would collect signals at the levels where organized electrophysiological patterns are realized in recurrent loops of coherent activity.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	346		An ideal neural signal data recorder would collect signals from a wide range of different frequencies across the whole brain, especially in corticocortical and thalamocortical loops.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	352		A living organism as a unified whole cannot be described in the language of chemical formulas.		6
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	355		Objective neural mechanisms and subjective consciousness can be seen as a line along the same gapless continuum.		3
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	355		Neuroscience will have to be a rationalized with a phenomenal level as an integral part of the biological brain, and the empirical data must be phenomenalized and subjective consciousness itself used as the domain of theoretical modeling.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	355		Consciousness and neuroscience must meet across the explanatory gap, each coming halfway to meet the other.		0
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	364		Consciousness surely seems to make an enormous difference in our behavior.		9
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	368		Blindsight -- patient does not see anything in the blind part of the visual field, but somehow the behavioral responses are influenced by the unseen stimuli. Blind regions in the visual fields result from brain injury to the primary visual cortex (V1).		4
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	369		Prosopagnosia -- inability to recognize familiar people from their faces.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	370		Unilateral neglect -- dramatic loss of awareness of one side of space, remains a mystery, because the primary sensory pathways may still be intact, and yet the patient is not aware of the stimulus.		1
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	401		Biological Function of Dreaming		31
Revonsuo; Inner Presence	427		Converging evidence from a wide variety of sources supports the view that the nocturnal world simulation we know as "dreaming" is functionally specialized in the simulation of dangers and threatening events.		26
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