LeDoux; Emotional Brain
Book	Page		Topic
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	13		Split-brain surgery, Roger Sperry
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	13		LeDoux's thesis advise, Mike Gazzaniga		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	16		Word "perception" describes in a general way what goes on when we see, hear, smell, .  .  .		3
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	17		Neural organization of emotional behavioral systems of vertebrates is similar across species.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	17		Emotional responses, for the most part, are generated unconsciously.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	19		There is not one mechanism of consciousness, and it can be occupied by mundane facts or highly charged emotions.		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	19		Emotions easily bump mundane events out of awareness.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	19		While conscious control over emotions is weak, emotions can flood consciousness.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	19		Connections from the emotional systems to the cognitive systems are stronger than connections from the cognitive systems to the emotional system.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	19		Once emotions occur, they become powerful motivators of future behaviors.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	20		Fear becomes anxiety, desire gives way to greed, annoyance turns to anger, anger to hatred, friendship to envy, love to obsession, or pleasure to addiction.
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	20		Cognitive science treats minds as though they are computers.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	21		There is no single emotion system.  Instead, there are lots of emotion systems.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	21		Emotion systems operate outside of consciousness, and they constitute the emotional unconscious.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	22		Human brain contains about 10 billion neurons.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	25		Cognitive science is about thinking, reasoning and intellect.		3
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	25		Behaviorist psychology, objectively measurable behaviors, "ghosts in the machine."		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	31		Brain can unconsciously solve geometric problems.  [Gestalts]		6
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	31		We do not consciously plan the grammatical structure of the sentences we utter.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	32		Split-brain patients, only the left hemisphere could talk.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	33		Much of mental life occurs outside of conscious awareness.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	35		Distinguish thinking and feeling; cognition and emotion.		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	36		Gut feelings in making decisions.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	56		Subliminal perception		20
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	67		Much emotional processing occurs unconsciously.		11
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	68		Emotional and cognitive processing both largely occur unconsciously.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	69		Emotion and cognition are best thought of as separate but interacting mental functions.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	69		Cognition gives choices; appraisal mechanisms narrow the response options.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	77		Language comprehension, Wernicke area.		8
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	77		Speech syntax, Broca area.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	82		Conscious experiences of emotions -- the feelings.		5
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	83		Sensory thalamus and sensory cortex - (diagram), Sensory messages transmitted to specific areas of the thalamus, process signals and relay results to specialized areas of neocortex.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	88		Hippocampus was included in the Papez circuit because  it was known to be a major site of brain damage in rabies, with intense emotional, convulsive, paralytic symptoms.		5
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	89		Papez Circuit -- (diagram)		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	90		Papez suggested that emotional experiences could be generated in two ways: (1) stream of feeling by sensory objects, (2) stream of thought to cerebral cortex, then to cingulate cortex.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	90		Distinction between subcortical and cortical activation of emotion.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	90		Papez circuit theory, takeoff point for limbic system theory.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	92		Importance of the hypothalamus in emotional expression; importance of the cerebral cortex in emotional experience.		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	92		Neocortex lacks significant connections with the hypothalamus; evolutionarily older areas of the medial cortex (rhinencephalon) are intimately connected with the hypothalamus.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	95		MacLean's Limbic System theory -- (diagram)		3
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	97		feeding, defense, fighting, reproduction		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	97		In 1952, MacLean introduced the term 'limbic system'.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	98		Forebrain, according to MacLean (1970), had gone through three stages of evolution: (1) reptilian, (2) paleomammalian, (3) neomammalian.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	98		Paleomammalian brain, present in all mammals, is essentially the limbic system.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	99		Lowly animals only have the medial (old) cortex, but mammals have both the medial and lateral (new) cortex.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	100		Hypothalamus is connected to all levels of the nervous system, including the neocortex.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	101		The term Limbic System should be discarded.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	102		Evolution of the brain as a key to understanding emotions.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	102		Emotions are indeed functions involved in survival.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	104		Brain is the product of evolutionary tinkering, where lots of little changes over extremely long periods of time have accumulated.		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	104		Linguist Steven Pinker.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	105		Evolution tends to act on the individual modules and their functions rather than the brain as a whole.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	105		Breathing is controlled in the medulla oblongata, that utility station down in the subbasement of the brain.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	105		Attempts to find a single unified brain system of emotion have not been very successful.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	106		Different emotions are mediated by different brain networks, different modules.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	106		Human species seems to be endowed with natural language.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	107		Some emotional systems in the brain are essentially the same in many vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, birds and possibly amphibians and fishes.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	107		Evolution stubbornly maintains emotional functions across species.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	108		Herbert Spencer, a contemporary of Darwin's, who transformed "descent with modification" into "evolution."		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	109		Bodily expressions (especially of the face) occurring during emotions are similar in people around the world.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	110		Goose bumps, a mild form of piloerection in humans, occur as a vestige of the more dramatic displays in our mammalian cousins.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	112		Innate emotions, some have older evolutionary histories than others.		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	112		Innate emotions, universal facial expressions that are similar across many different cultures.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	112		Eight basic emotions -- surprise, interest, joy, rage, fear, disgust, shame, anguish - controlled by 'hardwired' brain systems.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	114		Mixing of basic emotions into higher order emotions is typically thought of as a cognitive operation.		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	114		Derived or nonbasic emotions tend to be more uniquely human.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	114		Pride, shame, gratitude might be uniquely human emotions.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	114		Basic emotions: -- joy, acceptance, fear, surprise, sadness,, disgust, anger, anticipation -  (illustration)		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	114		Primary dyads: - joy + acceptance = friendliness; fear + surprise = alarm		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	114		Secondary dyads: - joy + fear = guilt; sadness + anger = sullenness		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	114		Tertiary dyads: - joy + surprise = delight; anticipation + fear = anxiety		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	119		Shivering can occur because your are cold or because you are afraid.		5
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	119		Crying can occur in extreme happiness as well as sadness.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	119		Frowning occurs in anger, but also in frustration.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	119		Eyebrows are raised in anger, but also in any condition that requires that we carefully attend to the environment.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	123		All vertebrates have a hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain; all the basic structures and major neural pathways in all animals.		4
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	123		Brain evolution from fish, through amphibians and reptiles to mammals, and ultimately to humans, greatest change in the forebrain.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	123		All vertebrates have areas of the cortex that correspond to the neocortex in mammals.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	123		Brain evolution is basically conservative; areas that are useful for survival have been around for a long time, preserved in their basic structure and function.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	125		Basic building blocks of emotions are neural systems that mediate behavioral interactions with the environment, particularly behaviors that take care of fundamental problems of survival.		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	125		Feelings can only occur when a survival system is present in a brain that also has the capacity for consciousness.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	125		Capacity to have feelings is directly tied to the capacity to be consciously aware of one's self and the relations of oneself to the rest of the world.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	139		Although a neuron usually has only one axon, it branches extensively, allowing many other neurons to be influenced.		14
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	144		Fear Conditioning - (diagram)		5
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	145		Fear conditioning is quick and very long lasting; there is little forgetting with conditioned fear.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	147		Fear conditioning is an evolutionarily old solution to the problem of acquiring and storing information.		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	153		Auditory Processing Pathways - (diagram)		6
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	153		Auditory cortex is composed of a number of regions and subregions.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	154		Neurotransmitters are manufactured in cell bodies and transported down the axon to the terminal region where they are used to communicate across synapses.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	158		Pathway that can transmit information directly to the amygdala from the thalamus; elicit fear responses without the aid of the cortex.		4
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	158		Direct thalamic input to the amygdala allow the cortex to be bypassed.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	158		Subregion of the amygdala -- central nucleus has connections with brain stem areas controlling heart rate and autonomic nervous system responses.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	160		Different Outputs of the Amygdala Control Different Conditioned Fear Responses - (diagram)		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	161		Amygdala is composed of about a dozen or so subregions.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	162		Information processing pathways in the Amygdala - (diagram)		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	162		Lateral Nucleus (LA) is the gateway into the amygdala.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	162		Central Nucleus (CE) is the main connection with areas that control emotional responses.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	163		It is possible that the direct thalamic pathway to the amygdala in mammals is simply an evolutionary relic, the brain's version of an appendix; however it has existed for millions of years and likely serves some useful function		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	164		Low road and High road to the Amygdala - (diagram)		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	170		Amygdala receives inputs from a wide range of levels of cognitive processing - (diagram)		6
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	174		Amygdala function established eons ago, at least since dinosaurs ruled the earth, maintained through diverse branches of evolutionally development.		4
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	177		Prefrontal cortex has expanded the most in primates and may not even exist in other mammals.		3
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	180		Long term memory - memory that lasts for more than a few seconds.		3
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	181		Declarative or Explicit memory -- conscious recall of some past experienced; memories brought to mind and described verbally.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	181		Nondeclarative or Implicit memory -- learning that does not depend on conscious awareness.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	182		Implicit, fear-conditioned memory, 'emotional memory'		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	182		Explicit declarative memory, 'memory of an emotion'		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	182		Memory is not mediated by any particular neural system but instead is diffusely distributed in the brain.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	183		H. M., extreme epilepsy, 1953, Hartford, CT; - Explicit (conscious) memory, age 27, convulsive epileptic attacks since age 16.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	184		Short-term memory lasts seconds.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	184		Long-term memory lasts minutes to a lifetime.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	185		What you are conscious of now, working memory, special kind of short-term memory.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	185		What goes into your short-term memory is what can go into your long-term memory.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	185		H. M. unable to form long-term memories. He could hold on to information for a few seconds, short-term memory.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	185		Formation of long-term memories involves the temporal lobe; short-term memories involve other brain systems.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	185		Brain system involved in forming new long-term memories is different from the one that stores old long-term memories.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	185		H. M. had very severe anterograde amnesia but only a mild retrograde amnesia.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	185		H. M.'s major deficit: depositing new learning into the long-term memory bank.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	186		Temporal lobe is needed for forming long-term memories, but gradually over the years, memories become independent of this system.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	186		Areas of the temporal lobe that were damaged in H. M. included major portions of the hippocampus and amygdala.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	186		Hippocampus emerged as the brain region for laying down new memories.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	193		Alzheimer's disease begins in the temporal lobe, particularly the hippocampus; forgetfulness is the first warning sign; eventually creeps into the neocortex; all aspects of memory along with a variety of other cortical cognitive functions.		7
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	267		Much of what a brain does during an emotion occurs outside of conscious awareness.		74
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	268		Subjective emotional experience, like the feeling of being afraid, results when we become consciously aware that an emotion system of the brain, like the defense system,  is active.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	269		Success of the cognitive movement as an alternative to behaviorism was largely due to the fact that it could deal with the mind in terms of processes that occur unconsciously.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	269		Working memory --  thinking occurs in a mental workspace that has a limited capacity.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	270		Working memory --  temporary storage mechanism that allows several pieces of information to be held in mind at the same time and compared, contrasted, and otherwise interrelated.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	270		Working memory (used to be called short-term memory) implies not just a short term storage but an active processing mechanism used in thinking and reasoning.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	270		Working memory has a capacity limit of about seven pieces of information.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	271		Executive functions take care of overall coordination of the activities of working memory.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	278		Consciousness is the awareness of what is in working memory.		7
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	278		To be aware of something, that something must be in working memory.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	278		Prefrontal areas may not store anything but instead just control the activity of other regions, allowing activity in some areas to rise above the threshold for consciousness and inhibiting the activity of others.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	279		Contents of working memory are what we are conscious of at the moment.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	281		Working memory is likely to be an essential aspect of consciousness, but the subjective nature of consciousness is not completely explained by the computational processes of working memory.		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	282		Feelings come about when the activity of specialized emotion systems gets represented in the system that gives rise to consciousness; working memory.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	284		Amygdala has projections to many cortical areas.		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	284		Projections of the amygdala to the cortex are considerably greater than the projections from the cortex to the amygdala.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	285		Orbital cortex may be especially involved in working memories about rewards and punishments.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	285		By connections with short-term buffers and long-term memory networks, together with the networks of the frontal lobe, the amygdala can influence the information content of working memory.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	285		Redundancy in the system; conscious awareness of amygdala activity can come about in several ways.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	285		Difference between being awake and alert, on the one hand, and drowsy or asleep on the other; arousal level of the cortex.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	286		The amygdala receives inputs from the latest stages of cortical processing within the sensory systems, but projects back to all stages of cortical processing, even the earliest.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	286		Dream sleep, cortex is in a state of arousal, very similar to the alert waking state; no access to external stimuli and only processes internal events.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	286		Amygdala's influence on sensory areas of cortex is greater than the influence of the same areas on the amygdala - (diagram)		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	287		Some Cortical Outputs of the Amygdala and their Function - (diagram)		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	287		EEG is slow and rhythmic when the cortex is not aroused; fast and out of sync during arousal.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	287		When arousal occurs, cells in the cortex, and in the thalamic regions become more sensitive.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	287		Aroused cells go from a state in which they fire at a very slow rate and more or less in synchrony to a state in which they are generally out of sync, but with some cells being driven especially strongly by incoming stimuli.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	288		A number of different systems contribute to arousal; four are located in the brainstem. Neurotransmitters: (1) acetylcholine (Ach), (2) noradrenaline, (3) dopamine, (4) serotonin.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	289		Axons of each of these cell groups terminate in widespread areas of the forebrain.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	289		Arousal is important to all mental functions; contributes significantly to attention, perception, memory, emotion, and problem solving.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	289		Too much arousal is not good. Overaroused; tense and anxious and unproductive; need just the right level of activation to perform optimally.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	289		Emotional reactions are typically accompanied by intense cortical arousal.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	289		Once the fear system is turned on, it's hard to turn it off; this is the nature of anxiety.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	290		Arousal occurs in any novel stimulus and not just to emotional stimuli. A novel but insignificant stimulus elicits a temporary state of arousal that dissipates almost immediately. Arousal is prolonged in the presence of emotional stimuli.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	290		Arousal elicited by a novel stimulus does not require the amygdala.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	291		Arousal systems simply say that something important is going on.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	291		Cognitive inference and decision making processes controlled by the working memory executive become actively focused on the emotionally arousing situation.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	292		Emotional experience; autonomic nervous system (ANS); adrenaline, steroid and peptide hormones released by body organs during emotional arousal travel in the blood to the brain.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	292		Visceral responses have relatively slow actions, a second or two.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	293		Some hormones (adrenal steroids) require the synthesis of new proteins, take hours.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	293		Gut feelings' -- entire pattern of somatic and visceral feedback from the body.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	294		Vagus nerve, transmits much information from the visceral organs to the brain.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	294		Nerves controlling facial movements go directly between brain and face without going through spinal cord.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	295		Perils of introspection as scientific data; nothing wrong with using it as a starting point for more penetrating analysis.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	295		Putting on a happy face may not be such a bad idea when you're feeling blue.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	296		Can't have a conscious emotional feeling of being afraid without aspects of the emotional experience being represented in working memory.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	296		Working memory is the gateway to subjective experiences, emotional and nonemotional ones, and is indispensable in the creation of a conscious emotional feeling.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	297		Some Neural Ingredients of a Conscious Emotional Experience - (diagram)		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	298		Can't have a complete feeling of fear without the activation of the amygdala.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	298		Can't have a sustained feeling of fear without the activation of arousal systems.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	298		Can't have a sustained emotional experience without feedback from the body.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	298		Can have emotional feeling without being conscious of the eliciting stimulus.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	300		We can daydream while doing other things; go back and forth between daydream and the other activities.		2
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	300		Philosophers have something called "the problem of other minds".		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	301		Only higher primates, in whom the prefrontal cortex is especially well developed, are self-aware, recognize themselves in a mirror.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	301		Natural language only exists in the human brain.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	302		Human consciousness is the way it is because of the way our brain is.		1
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	302		Other animals may also be conscious in their own special way due to the way their brains are.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	302		Still other animals are probably not conscious at all, again due to the kinds of brains they have.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	302		Consciousness is not the prerequisite to nor the same thing as the capacity to think and reason. An animal can solve lots of problems without being overtly conscious of what it is doing and why it is doing it.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	302		Consciousness elevates thinking to a new level, but it is not the same thing as thinking.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	302		Emotional feelings result when we become consciously aware that an emotion system of the brain is active.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	302		Feelings will be different in a brain that can classify the world linguistically and categorize experiences in words.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	302		Difference between fear, anxiety, terror, apprehension, etc. would not be possible without language.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	302		Emotions evolved not as conscious feelings, but as brain states and bodily responses.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	302		Brain states and bodily responses are the fundamental facts of an emotion; conscious feelings are the frills that have added icing to the emotional cake.		0
LeDoux; Emotional Brain	303		Cortical connections with the amygdala are far greater in primates than in other mammals.		1