| Thomas Insel; Cerebrum 2009 - Emerging Ideas in Brain Science | |||||
| Book | Page | Topic | |||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 33 | Cognitive therapy and depression. | |||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 35 | People who are depressed systematically blocked out the positive aspects of their life, seeing only the negative. | 2 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 35 | Depressed people interpret ambiguous events in a negative way, cognitive distortion. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 35 | When a genuinely negative event occurs for depressed people, they tend to exaggerate its magnitude, significance and consequences. A minor error becomes a major catastrophe. A normal problem becomes an insoluble dilemma. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 35 | The result of negative thinking is that an individual feels sad and hopeless, withdraws from other people, and may become suicidal. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 35 | All of the normal human yearnings are dulled or reversed by depression. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 35 | Negative beliefs shape a depressed persons interpretations, and these negative interpretations (or cognitions) lead to the sad feelings, social withdrawal, and suicidal wishes. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 36 | Distorted interpretations and the symptoms of depression. | 1 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 36 | Distorted cognitions become the focus of treatment, and a process of change depends on cognitive restructuring, "cognitive therapy." | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 36 | In cognitive therapy, depressed patients learn to identify distorted thinking, modify beliefs, relate to others in different ways, and change their behavior. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 36 | Suicidal behavior, Beck Hopelessness Scale. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 37 | Reducing both hopelessness and depression. | 1 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 37 | Cognitive therapy can be just as effective as pharmacotherapy. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 37 | With cognitive therapy, patients have a newfound ability to do therapy for themselves. Strategies learned eventually become second nature. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 37 | After cognitive therapy, a patient is less likely to become depressed in situations that previously would have spiraled into a depression-producing pattern of thought. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 38 | A neuroimaging study of depression found that cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy bring about similar changes, but through different pathways. | 1 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 38 | Antidepressants adjust the exchange of chemical messengers at the synapse. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 38 | With antidepressant therapy, with balance restored among the various chemicals -- typically serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine -- a chain of events begins that ultimately results in the depressed patient's beginning to feel better. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 38 | Exactly what goes on in the brain with antidepressant therapy is not well understood. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 38 | Most depression patients are on medication for at least three weeks before noticing a difference in mood. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 38 | Cognitive therapy works top-down. Patients learn to monitor, question, and redirect their negative interpretations of events -- thus bringing much of their emotional state under conscious control. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 38 | With cognitive therapy, the resulting improvement in mood has ramifications throughout the brain, presumably restoring balance in many specific aspects of the brain is functioning. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 38 | PET studies showed that cognitive therapy produce changes in several parts of the prefrontal cortex. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 39 | Prefrontal cortex functions such as working memory tend to be impaired in people with depression, and imaging studies often show abnormally high activity in these regions. | 1 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 39 | Cognitive therapy decreased the activity in the prefrontal areas but increased activity in other areas deeper in the brain such as the anterior cingulate, involved in directed attention and monitoring of emotions, and the hippocampus, involved in memory encoding and consolidation. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 39 | With cognitive therapy, patients learn to observe their emotional responses to life events, block the automatic resurgence of distressing memories, and reduce their tendency to brood and overanalyze irrelevant information. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 39 | Antidepressant treatment affected many of the same areas but in mirror-image ways -- decreased activity in the memory and attention serving areas such as the hippocampus and cingulate, and increased activity in the frontal regions that help bring thoughts, and possibly feelings under conscious control. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 39 | Cognitive therapy and antidepressant medication seem to work in complementary ways, ultimately stabilizing a complex pathway running between the hippocampal and prefrontal areas. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 41 | Inappropriate level of anger can aggravate hypertension. | 2 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 41 | Excessive attention to physical feelings, and exaggerated interpretation of their significance, can play a role in chronic fatigue syndrome. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 41 | Negative thoughts and distorted interpretations can exacerbate almost any physical symptoms. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 42 | Preventing mental disorders from taking hold, identifying those at risk for depression and suicide. | 1 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 42 | Early intervention can help prevent negative thought patterns from developing into full-blown mental illnesses. | 0 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 43 | Interpersonal therapy is based on the premise that depression often occurs along with the onset of a major life event involving relationships -- such as ongoing difficulties with a spouse, friend, coworker or family member, the loss of a loved one, or the inability to form close attachments. | 1 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 44 | Cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy remain the most widely used therapy for depression. | 1 | ||
| Lasley; Cognitive Therapy | 45 | Interpersonal therapy and cognitive therapy are used all over the world, with texts translated into numerous languages. | 1 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 131 | A Cerebrum classic, 2005. | 86 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 133 | Phineas Gage. | 2 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 134 | Antonio Damasio, M.D., Ph.D. | 1 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 135 | Imaging and the Ultimatum Game, experiment in neuroeconomics. | 1 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 136 | Ultimatum Game | 1 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 138 | Prisoners Dilemma game. | 2 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 139 | Neuroeconomists have examined emotions and rational behavior with respect to cooperation in terms of what sections of the brain are active when a player punishes others who fail to act cooperatively. | 1 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 139 | Punishing people who violate social norms interest anthropologists and evolutionary biologists who want to understand how social norms evolved before modern legal codes were in place. | 0 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 139 | "Selfish gene" evolutionary perspective posits a sort of cost-benefit ledger, favoring those traits that have a high benefit and low cost to the person. | 0 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 140 | Players took pleasure in punishing cheaters. They not only wanted to inflict economic damage on cheaters, but also enjoyed evening the score. | 1 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 141 | Neuroeconomics seems to demonstrate that the brain is hardwired to handle some economics problems through emotion rather than number crunching. | 1 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 141 | Specific areas of the brain known to process specific emotions are activated during various economic decision-making scenarios. | 0 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 141 | Human brains seem to have evolved to respond with a special emotional vehemence to social cheating. | 0 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 141 | Emotional responses occur even when we are not conscious of how our emotions are affecting our social decisions. | 0 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 142 | Human brains may be responding to emotions when we make economic decisions about cooperation, cheating and punishment, even if we are not aware of those emotions and how they influence us. | 1 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 142 | Damasio's work and other studies of patients with brain disorders suggest that emotions are necessary for rational behavior. | 0 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 143 | Emotions do not necessarily cause people to behave irrationally in social interactions. | 1 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 143 | Economist Thomas Schelling, Ph.D., - a reputation for keeping one's commitments is essential to human social dynamics. | 0 | ||
| Dugatkin; Economic Man Has a Heart | 143 | With the power of fMRI, PET, and computer simulations, together with well grounded economists, social psychologists, neurobiologists and evolutionary biologists, the prospects for a more fundamental understanding of human social dynamics seems better than ever. | 0 | ||
| Rowland; book revfiew | 155 | Adam Zeman; A Portrait of the Brain, Yale University Press, 2008. | 12 | ||
| Corkin; MIT Cognitive Sciences | 161 | Suzanne Corkin, Ph.D., directs the Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory in MIT's Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. | 6 | ||
| Corkin; MIT Cognitive Sciences | 166 | Suzanne Corkin studied amnesic patient HM from 1962 through his death on 2 December 2008. | 5 | ||
| Corkin; MIT Cognitive Sciences | 167 | In 1935 HM was knocked down by a bicycle. His minor seizures began a year later at age 10. His major sieges began at age 16. His operation occurred at age 27. Removal was restricted to the medial part of the left and right temporal lobes, including the hippocampus. The operation did not cure HM's seizure disorder. His seizures were reduced in frequency, but for the rest of his life he took anticonvulsant medication and had seizures. | 1 | ||
| Corkin; MIT Cognitive Sciences | 167 | HM's sense-of-self included knowledge of his ancestors, preoperative personal semantic knowledge, memories of his childhood. | 0 | ||
| Corkin; MIT Cognitive Sciences | 167 | HM from time-to-time had meager conscious recollections of information encountered postoperatively. For example, he knew he had a memory impairment. | 0 | ||