Allan Hobson; Dreaming: An Introduction to the Science of Sleep
Book	Page		Topic
Hobson; Dreaming	19		Freud was an avowed atheist -- his rejection of religion was practically phobic.
Hobson; Dreaming	26		Physiological basis for the differences between waking and sleeping consciousness. -  (table)		7
Hobson; Dreaming	30		Dreaming brain is capable of simulating acts of movement (motor acts) extremely convincingly.		4
Hobson; Dreaming	42		1953 discovery of REM sleep.		12
Hobson; Dreaming	47		Universal characteristics that REM sleep evinces are intense frequent hallucinations.		5
Hobson; Dreaming	55		Hard problem' of philosophy -- how the brain can have subjective experience.		8
Hobson; Dreaming	56		REM sleep correspondence across species.  All but the most primitive mammals have periodic brain activation during sleep.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	56		REM facilitates the consolidation and advancement of procedural learning.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	58		Procedural learning is the acquired ability to do things when consciousness may not be involved.		2
Hobson; Dreaming	58		REM sleep is organized by the brain stem, including the reticular formation.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	58		Active suppression of muscle tone invariably accompanies REM sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	58		Brain can be active in sleep    without producing waking behavior    because the motor system is actively blocked    at the level of the spinal cord.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	60		Very low level parts of the brain stem    generate motor patterns.  [Stereotyped motor programs]  [FAPs]		2
Hobson; Dreaming	60		Paroxysmal (PGO) waves    arise in different areas of the brain --    the pons of the brain stem reticular formation,    the geniculate body of the thalamus,    and the occipital cortex    during REM sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	60		Visual brain    stimulates itself    during REM sleep  - (diagram)		0
Hobson; Dreaming	60		PGO waves    originating in the pons    from neurons that move the eyes.    These signals are conducted both to the lateral geniculate body in the thalamus    and to the occipital cortex. (diagram)		0
Hobson; Dreaming	62		Neuromodulation    is a special kind of chemical neurotransmission    by which the brain is able to change its state globally.		2
Hobson; Dreaming	63		Dramatic change in neuromodulation    distinguishes REM sleep from waking.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	63		Brain-stem cells containing the neuromodulators norepinephrine and serotonin    change their outputs    when animals go to sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	63		Serotonin and noradrenaline cells    that modulate the brain during waking    reduce their output by half during non-REM sleep    and shut off completely during REM sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	63		Serotonin and noradrenaline    implicated in awake state functions    (attention,    memory,    reflective thought)    that are lost in dreaming.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	63		Neuromodulatory neurons:    (1) relatively few and relatively small,    (2) highly localized to a few brain stem nuclei,    (3) they are pacemaker cells;    rhythmical and spontaneous,    (4) fire at relatively low rates,    metronome-like,    (5) project their fine, multiply branching processes    all over the brain    and spinal cord.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	64		Neuromodulatory cells of the brain stem (pons area)    project up to the thalamus and cortex    and down to the spinal cord.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	64		Brain self-activates in sleep;    it changes its chemical self-instructions.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	64		Minds are functional states of our brains;    mind is not a spirit;    it is not an independent entity.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	64		Waking and dreaming    are two states of consciousness,    with differences that depend on chemistry.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	67		All the drugs that are used to treat psychoses have a role on the neuromodulators.		3
Hobson; Dreaming	67		Chemicals shift the balance    of the brain    to be awake or dreaming.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	68		Scientists think that all dreams    are chemically mediated.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	69		REM sleep dreaming    is mediated by acetylcholine    when noradrenaline and serotonin are at very low levels.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	69		Learning and memory hypothesis --    brain can trigger memory fragments with acetylcholine    but cannot make new ones without noradrenaline and serotonin.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	71		REM sleep    is important to mammalian biology;    it is highly conserved across species.		2
Hobson; Dreaming	72		New human newborn infant    offers one of the best opportunities    to observe REM behavior directly.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	72		In newborn infants,    REM occurs at sleep onset.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	72		Babies show pleasure, fear, surprise, and disgust    in the facial expressions    of REM sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	72		Human fetuses at 30 weeks gestation    show highly organized and spontaneous movement,    including eyes, face and limbs.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	72		Fictitious movement - the sense of moving    in dream space -    has been suggested by neurophysiologist Rodolfo Llinás    as a contributor to self-hood or consciousness.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	74		The only dimension of orientation    that is secure in dreaming    is a sense of self --    I myself am always at the center of the vortex    that is my dream.		2
Hobson; Dreaming	76		Human fetus at 30 weeks gestation    is spending almost 24 hours each day    in a brain activated state    that constitutes the first level of REM sleep.		2
Hobson; Dreaming	76		At birth,    REM sleep occupies at least half    of not less than 16 hours    of sleep each day.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	77		Brain stem    is the seat of the most primordial regulatory systems    (temperature,    cardiovascular,    respiratory, etc)		1
Hobson; Dreaming	77		Cholinergic system of the brain stem,    mediator of internal bodily activation,    develops earlier than the serotoninergic    and noradrenergic systems.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	77		Later development    of other chemical systems,    the aminergic systems    (histamine, dopamine),    shuts down infant sleep,    reducing it by 400 percent    from infancy to early adult life.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	79		Sleep length varies widely - (diagram)		2
Hobson; Dreaming	79		Early days of 1960s, discovery of REM sleep had prompted a storm of experimental enquiry.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	83		Sleep and dreaming science began at University of Chicago in early 1950s.		4
Hobson; Dreaming	85		Only mammals have REM sleep.		2
Hobson; Dreaming	85		Only in REM sleep that mammals cannot thermoregulate.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	86		REM sleep    is far more prevalent in newborn infants    than in adults, suggesting that construction of the brain itself is one of the functions of brain activation in sleep.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	87		We go through our lives needing to reconstruct our brains and minds.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	87		Level of emotional competence    has a high survival value    (flee,    fight,    feed,    fornicate).		0
Hobson; Dreaming	88		Dreaming includes intense emotion,    which is often negative    (anxiety, fear, anger).		1
Hobson; Dreaming	89		Arousal from NREM sleep,    intense activation of the heart,    breathing rate increases,    blood pressure rises.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	91		REM sleep,    one of the most common dream experiences    is imagined motion.		2
Hobson; Dreaming	91		Sleep walking,    sleep talking,    tooth grinding;    movement behaviors that occur unexpectedly during sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	92		High-voltage slow waves of deep sleep    continue while a person sleep walks.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	95		REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Enact their dreams; many later develop parkinsonism.		3
Hobson; Dreaming	96		Prolonged use of the antidepressants (SSRIs)    can lead to RBD. Parkinsonism, dopamine deficiency.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	96		Serotonin, a potent inhibitor of REM.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	97		Dreaming is a psychotic state.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	98		Dreaming and severe mental illness    are not only analogous but identical.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	98		Psychosis    is, by definition, a mental state characterized by hallucinations and/or delusions.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	98		Normal suspicion leads us to believe things about our lovers, colleagues, and governments that are either untrue or highly exaggerated. We don't need to hear voices to be paranoid.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	99		Which natural class of psychosis is dreaming most like?    (1) schizophrenia, (2) major affective disorder (such as depression and mania), or (3) an organic mental illness,    e.g. delirium resulting from drugs or a high fever?		1
Hobson; Dreaming	99		Dream hallucinations use sensory modality of vision.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	99		Visual hallucinations    are rare in schizophrenia;    they are the very hallmark of organic delirium.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	99		Delusions are exclusively cognitive/intellectual    and never paranoid as is typical of schizophrenia.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	99		The grandiosity and fearless elation of mania are shared with dream psychosis,    although these features are also found in organic delirium, especially in its chronic, post-intoxication phase.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	99		When we are dreaming,    times, places, and people change without warning.    This orientational instability is a variation on the organic delirium theme of disorientation.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	99		Delirious patients, similar to dreamers, know only who they are,    not where they are    or what day it is,    or even who is with them.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	101		Mental state is a constantly negotiated compromise between the poles of waking sanity and dreaming madness.		2
Hobson; Dreaming	103		Sleep loss is common in and contributes powerfully to the development of psychosis.		2
Hobson; Dreaming	103		Schizophrenia is thought to be a disorder of excessive dopamine release and/or heightened effectiveness of dopamine.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	103		In schizophrenia, we can hypothesize an indirect but positive interaction with other modulators of the awake state, noradrenaline and serotonin, and a direct negative interaction with acetylcholine.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	103		No distinctive changes in sleep are seen in chronic schizophrenia.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	110		Limbic forebrain, which is known to mediate emotion and to motivate behavior in humans.		7
Hobson; Dreaming	112		Diminished psychological function in dreaming shows an association with a lack of noradrenaline and serotonin in the REM sleep-activated brain -- these two chemicals are known to be necessary for attention, learning, and memory (and by implication for orientation and active reasoning).		2
Hobson; Dreaming	115		Strokes and epileptic seizures can cause decreases and increases in the formal features of dreams, respectively.		3
Hobson; Dreaming	115		Complete loss of dreaming can occur when there is damage to the multimodal sensory part of the parietal cortex, or to the deep frontal white matter of the brain.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	115		Cannot produce the psychological experience of dreaming without activating the parietal cortex or deep frontal white matter.  These areas constitute connections allowing other brain regions to communicate with one another in such a way as to sustain dream consciousness.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	115		When visual stimuli encoded by the retina reach the primary visual cortex, some simple properties of images (such as edges or bars) are represented but the complexity of the whole images are built up and represented elsewhere.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	115		More than 20 secondary or associative visual areas in the cortex.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	119		REM sleep subserves consolidation of memory.		4
Hobson; Dreaming	119		During REM sleep the brain is activated, and dreams are composed of memory fragments.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	120		Learning and memory reorganization take place without our ever being aware of it.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	121		Dreams are visual and intensely emotional.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	124		We can learn a myriad of procedures without being able to describe them verbally. Procedural memory.		3
Hobson; Dreaming	124		Performance correlates very strongly with deep early-night sleep (NREM), and with long late-night (REM) sleep.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	128		Declarative memory results from conscious awareness and associations, depends strongly on the hippocampus.		4
Hobson; Dreaming	130		Brain keeps a record of experience in the hippocampus, which is accessible for about a week by day but inaccessible at night.		2
Hobson; Dreaming	130		Brain uses sleep to make bit-by-bit adjustments in its long-term repertoire of learning and memory.		0
Hobson; Dreaming	131		Brain reworks memories into a much more general fabric of inclinations to act and feel in certain ways in response to certain stimulus conditions.		1
Hobson; Dreaming	134		Consciousness can be defined as our awareness of the world, our bodies, and ourselves. Consciousness is a brain function.		3
Hobson; Dreaming	134		Areas of the brain dealing with different components of consciousness. - (Table)		0
Hobson; Dreaming	136		Binding problem.		2
Hobson; Dreaming	136		Synchronicity of the many brain regions contributing information to consciousness is achieved via rhythmically harmonious activation of the many direct connections between the regions.		0
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