| Edelman; Bright Air | |||||
| Book | Page | Topic | |||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 23 | Development of the brain -- (diagram) | |||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 23 | At one time or another in their careers all neurons are gypsies -- moving to their final positions on other cells. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 23 | Connections among cells are not precisely specified in the genes of the animal. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 25 | Network of the brain is created by cellular movement during development and by the extension and connection of increasing numbers of neurons. | 2 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 25 | Brain is an example of a self-organizing system. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 25 | Precise point-to-point wiring cannot occur; the variation is too great for the information stored in the genome. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 25 | Developmental driving forces provided by cellular processes such as cell division, movement and death. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 25 | In some regions of the developing nervous system up to 70% of the neurons die before the structure of the region is completed. In general, uniquely specified connections cannot exist. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 25 | Neurons generally send branches of their axons out in diverging arbors that overlap with those of other neurons. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 25 | Arbors of dendrites on recipient neurons await the axon growth cones of incoming neurons. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 28 | In the visual system, there may be more than 30 interconnected brain centers, each with its own map. | 3 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 38 | Brain maps -- (nineteenth century) electrically stimulating parts of the brain, then noting specific bodily movements. | 10 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 38 | Gestalt phenomena discovered by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 39 | Gestalt phenomena -- (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 39 | Gestalt phenomena demonstrate how context-dependent perception is. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 62 | Homeotic genes control differentiation events. | 23 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 62 | Homeotic genes are expressed in gradients across an animal, usually front to back. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 62 | Cells express genes in time and space to govern morphoregulatory molecules, which in turn control cell movements and cell-to-cell adhesion. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 64 | Theory of Neuronal Group Selection (TNGS) - (1) Developmental selection, (2) Experimental selection, (3) Reentry - (illustration) | 2 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 69 | Neurons have treelike arbors that overlap and ramify in myriad ways. | 5 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 83 | Neuronal group selection, reentry, global mapping | 14 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 86 | Multiple maps of visual areas of the brain are reentrantly connected to each other. (diagram) | 3 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 88 | Neuronal groups (diagram) | 2 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 90 | Reentry (diagrams) | 2 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 91 | Global mapping -- made up of multiple maps (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 95 | Groups of cells fired together in time with a predominant oscillatory component at 40 Hz. | 4 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 102 | Recall involves the activation of some of the previously facilitated portions of global mappings. | 7 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 102 | Categorization response is similar to a previous response, but at a later time the neurons and synapses contributing to that response will be different. In general, they are likely to have been altered by ongoing activity in the brain. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 102 | Perceptual categories are not immutable and are altered by the ongoing behavior. Memory in this view results from continual recategorization. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 102 | Different combinations of neuronal groups can give rise to a similar output; a given categorical response in memory can be achieved in several ways. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 103 | Distinction between REPLICATIVE memory and RECATEGORIZATION memory - (diagram) | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 103 | Fundamental mechanism of memory is a change in synaptic strength. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 104 | Memory is considered to be a form of recategorization. | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 104 | Cortex is an interconnected six-layer sheet of about ten billion neurons with about a million billion connections. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 104 | Cortex is arranged in functionally segregated maps that are reentrantly connected that subserve all the different sensory modalities and motor responses. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 104 | Cortex is connected to three structures Edelman calls the organs of succession. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 104 | Structures involved in the output of the brain: (1) Cerebellum, (2) Hippocampus, (3) Basal Ganglia. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 105 | Cerebellum, surrounding the upper brain stem; timing and smoothing of successions of movements. | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 109 | Concept formation requires reentrant connections from the higher cortical areas to: (1) other cortical areas, (2) hippocampus, (3) basal ganglia. | 4 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 114 | Qualia constitute the collection of personal or subjective experiences and sensations that accompany awareness. | 5 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 115 | Qualia assumption distinguishes between higher-order consciousness and primary consciousness. | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 115 | Higher-order consciousness is based on a direct awareness in a human. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 115 | Primary consciousness may be composed of experiences such as mental images, but it is bound to a time around the present and lacks concepts of self, past, and future. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 116 | Gottfried Leibniz's question of why there is something rather than nothing. | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 116 | Qualia may be viewed as forms of higher-order categorization. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 117 | Two kinds of nervous system organization that are important to understanding how consciousness evolved: (1) brainstem, together with the limbic (hedonic) system. (2) thalamocortical system. | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 117 | Brain stem, together with the limbic (hedonic) system concerned with appetite, sexual and sonsummatory behavior, evolved defensive behavior patterns. It is a value system. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 117 | Value system is extensively connected to many different body organs, the endocrine system, and the autonomic nervous system. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 117 | Value systems regulate heart and respiratory rate, sweating, digestive functions, as well as bodily cycles related to sleep and sex. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 117 | Limbic-brainstem systems are often arranged in loops; they respond relatively slowly (seconds to months), and do not consist of detailed maps. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 117 | Value systems evolved early to take care of bodily functions. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 117 | Thalamocortical system evolved to receive signals from sensory receptors and give signals to voluntary muscles. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 117 | Thalamocortical system is very fast in its responses (milliseconds to seconds), although its synaptic connections undergo some changes that last a lifetime. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 117 | Cerebral cortex is arranged as a set of maps that receive inputs via the thalamus. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 117 | Thalamocortical system does not contain loops so much as highly connected layered local structures with massively reentrant connections. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 118 | Cortex is concerned with the categorization of the world; limbic system is concerned with value. | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 118 | Two systems, limbic-brain stem and thalamocortical, were linked during evolution. The later-evolving cortical system served learning behavior that was adapted to increasingly complex environments. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 118 | Learning can be seen as the means by which categorization occurs on the background of value to result in adaptive changes in behavior. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 118 | Learning certainly occurs in animals that show no evidence of conscious behavior. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 119 | Humans experience primary consciousness as a "picture" or "mental image" of ongoing categorized events. | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 119 | No actual image in the brain; "image" is a correlation between different kinds of categorizations. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 120 | Primary consciousness is a kind of "remembered present". | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 123 | Consciousness is about 300 million years old. | 3 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 144 | Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the single most important figure in pointing up the role of unconscious processes in our behavior and feelings. | 21 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 149 | Consciousness appeared as a result of natural selection. | 5 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 149 | Consciousness is efficacious, enhancing fitness in certain environments. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 149 | Consciousness arises from a special set of relationships between perception, concept formation and memory. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 149 | The psychological functions of perception, concept formation and memory depend on categorization mechanisms in the brain. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 149 | Memory is influenced by evolutionarily established value systems and by homeostatic control systems characteristic of each species. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 149 | Primary consciousness is achieved by the reentry of a value-category memory to current ongoing perceptual categorizations that are carried out simultaneously in many modalities. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 149 | Primary consciousness is limited to the remembered present. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 149 | Primary consciousness is necessary for the emergence of higher-order consciousness, and it continues to operate in animals capable of higher-order consciousness. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 149 | Higher-order consciousness arises with the evolutionary onset of semantic capabilities, and it flowers with the accession of language and symbolic reference. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 149 | Linguistic capabilities require a new kind of memory for the production and audition of the coarticulated sounds that were made possible by the evolution of a supralaryngeal space. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 150 | Cortical appendages constitute the organs of succession -- Cerebellum for smooth movement, Hippocampus for laying down long-term memory, and basal ganglia for choosing motor patterns and attentional plans. | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 151 | Qualia are categorizations by higher-order consciousness of the "scenes" and "memories" provided by primary consciousness. | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 151 | Three levels of sensory properties in the evolution of animals with neurons: (1) example, Lobster; Responses to stimuli with aversive and consummatory responses; no primary consciousness, (2) example Dogs; primary consciousness, (3) Humans; higher-order consciousness. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 151 | Higher-order consciousness leads to the construction of an imaginative domain, one of feeling, emotion, thought, fantasy, self, and will. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 152 | Categorization mechanisms work through global mappings that necessarily involve our bodies and our personal history. | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 152 | Behavior is driven by a recategorical memory under the influence of dynamic changes of value. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 152 | Cognitive science view of the mind based on computational or algorithmic representations is ill-founded. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 166 | To reduce a theory of an individual's behavior to a theory of molecular interactions is simply silly. | 14 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 166 | Brain is made up of 1011 cells with at least 1015 connections. Each cell has an intricate regulatory biochemistry constrained by a particular set of genes. Cells come together during morphogenesis and exchange signals in a place-dependent fashion to make a body with enormous numbers of control loops, all obeying the homeostatic mechanisms that govern survival. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 166 | An animal's survival and motion in the world allow perceptual and conceptual categorization to occur continually in global mappings. Memory dynamically interacts with perceptual categorization by reentry. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 167 | Selfhood -- not just the individuality that emerges from genetics or immunology, but the personal individuality that emerges from developmental and social interactions. | 1 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 167 | Memory is the key element in consciousness. | 0 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 176 | Emotions may be considered the most complex of mental states or processes insofar as they mix with all other processes. | 9 | ||
| Edelman; Bright Air | 198 | Higher order consciousness leads to a rich cognitive, affective, and imaginative domain -- feelings (qualia), thought, emotions, self-awareness, will, and imagination. | 22 | ||
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