| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | ||||||||||||
| Book | Page | Topic | ||||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 10 | The product of a gene may affect many characters; a character may be affected by the products of many genes. (diagram) | ||||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 14 | Map of Africa with sites for hominid evolution. | 4 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 42 | The size indices of major brain complements relative to basal insectivores (Tenrecinae). (diagram) | 28 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 43 | Evolutionary development of the brain appears to be quantitative and qualitative. The histological structure has remained essentially unaltered. | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 44 | Cortical column diagram -- Neuron connectivity in a cortical column or module - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 45 | Motor and sensory transmitting areas of the cerebral cortex; Broca area; Wernicke area - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 54 | Laetoli site -- hominid footprints. | 9 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 58 | Diagrammatic representation of pathways concerned with the execution and control of voluntary movement. Association cortex; basal ganglia; lateral cerebellar hemisphere; ventral lateral thalamus; motor cortex; intermediate cerebellar hemisphere; ventroanterior thalamic nucleus. (diagram) | 4 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 64 | Schematic illustration of thalamus and cortex motor and sensory paths. | 6 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 81 | Wernicke's area is associated with the ideas aspect of speech. The aphasia is characterized by a failure to understand speech -- either written or spoken. | 17 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 81 | Wernicke patient can speak with normal speed and rhythm and with normal syntax; speech is remarkably devoid of content, being a kind of nonsense jargon that lacks semantics. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 81 | Broca area aphasia -- inability to speak fluently, although can understand spoken language. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 81 | Motor aphasia is not due to paralysis of the vocal musculature but two disorders in their usage. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 81 | In about 5% of cases, the lateralization of speech is reversed, Wernicke and Broca areas being on the right side. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 81 | There is good but not complete correlation of handedness with laterality of speech. Almost all right handers are left brain speakers. With left-handers, speech may be in the left or right hemispheres. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 82 | Left hemisphere and speech areas - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 84 | Brodman's area map of the human brain - (illustration) | 2 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 87 | Speech areas of the human brain are formed before birth, being ontogenetically developed ready for the learning of language. This is a genetically coded process, and the speech areas are competent for learning any human language. | 3 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 87 | From the higher primates up to Homo sapiens, there has been no evolutionary change in the auditory system from the cochlea receptors up to the cerebral cortex. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 88 | Schematic illustration of auditory pathways | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 88 | Asymmetry and hypertrophy of human temperoral lobes associated with speech. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 98 | Fornix is a great track with more than a million fibers. It is the main efferent pathway from the hippocampus and circles around under the corpus callosum to end in the septal nuclei, the hypothalamus, and the mammalliary bodies. | 10 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 99 | Anatomical interconnections between the limbic system and brain stem - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 100 | Connections from the neocortex to and from the mediodorsal thalamus and the limbic system - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 102 | We can adopt the simplified hypothesis of MacLean that there are two main components in the limbic system, which correspond to agreeable and disagreeable effects. | 2 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 102 | The septal nuclei, the medial forebrain bundle, and the associated hypothalamus are concerned with providing agreeable affects and their associated emotions that often have the sexual overtones. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 102 | Amygdala with its projections in part by the stria terminalis give the adversive feelings. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 103 | Medio-dorsal thalmic nucleus is a key structure since it receives from the amygdala and septum and projects very widely to the neocortex, in particular to almost the whole prefrontal lobe. | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 103 | Anterior thalamus is important by its projection to the cingulate gyrus and from there widely to the neocortex. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 103 | Calming action of reserpine makes it an effective antipsychotic, apparently by depletion of dopamine. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 104 | Injected opiates accumulate in the amygdala plus associated nuclei and in the hypothalamus. | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 104 | Opioid binding sites on the limbic nuclei are related to drug addiction. Electrical stimulation of the septum, medial longitudinal bundle, and lateral amygdala give pleasurable feelings with sexual overtones. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 104 | Receptor sites responsible for desirable physiological and psychological action are open for attachments by the addictive drugs. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 106 | Stimulation and ablation of the cingulate gyrus result in a diverse range of emotional experiences corresponding to those described for the amygdala and septum. It can be assumed that the cingulate gyrus acts as an intermediary to the prefrontal cortex and orbital cortices. | 2 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 118 | Visual pathways showing the left half and right half visual fields. Crossing in the optic chiasm so that the right half of the visual field of each eye goes to the left visual cortex after relay in the lateral geniculate body. Correspondingly for the left visual field to the right visual cortex. (diagram) | 12 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 125 | Visual cortical areas and their connections - (diagram) | 7 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 126 | In area TE of the temporal lobe there are remarkable feature detection neurons. | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 126 | Area TE contains neurons uniquely specified for squares, for rectangles, for triangles, for stars. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 126 | Area TE includes neurons representing a remarkable selection of visual information with respect to some feature. In some cases it also signals an additional feature, namely the significance to the animal. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 126 | Each stage in the processing of visual information from the retina to cortical areas 20 and 21 can be regarded as having a hierarchical order with features in sequential array. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 126 | The visual field becomes progressively less specific. This increasing generalization results and a foveal representation for all neurons of areas 20 and 21. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 126 | In area TE of the temporal lobe, there are small neuronal assemblies that are uniquely active for features such as squares, rectangles, triangles, stars, etc. More abstractly, there are small number of neurons that respond specifically to hands or faces, etc. In some cases there are also representations of features of special significance to an animal. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 140 | Two distinct types of learning and memory: (1) motor learning, all skilled movements, (2) cognition; perception, ideas, linguistic expression, whole of culture. | 14 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 140 | Jane Goodall (1971), In the Shadow of Man, study of a group of about 50 champanzees living freely in a natural habitat in Tanzania. Purely matriarchal system; paternity is unknown in the promiscuous society. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 145 | Chimpamzee performance attains a level no better than that of a young child about 3 years old. | 5 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 148 | Synaptic endings on neurons; diversity of synaptic endings of the apical and basal dentrites, and the inhibitory synaptic endings on the soma - (illustration) | 3 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 150 | Experimental prodedures on the rabbit hippocampus began the modern era, 1973. | 2 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 150 | LTP, four brief stimulating tetani (15/sec for 15 sec); synapses were strengthened to about double, remained so beyond 10 hours. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 150 | Learning is not just the remembrance of some initial intense stimulation. It is even more importantly the remembering of associated experiences. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 151 | The essential nature of LTP is that it is primarily postsynaptic. | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 156 | Connections in the neocortex showing pathways and synapses in the proposed theory of cerebral learning. Modules are vertical functional elements of the neocortex, each with about 4,000 neurons. - (illustration) | 5 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 157 | So much of human cognitive memory is coded in language. | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 157 | Newborn babies of humans and apes are in an extremely helpless state with few instinctive movements. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 158 | Cerebro-cerebella pathways linking association and motor cortices with the cerebellar hemisphere. - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 167 | Relative to the duration of human memory, we have to consider the effects of repeated recall in extending it indefinitely. | 9 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 169 | With hippocampal lesions, there is amnesia for declarative memory but not for procedural memory, which presumably depends on quite different neural circuitries, where supplementary motor area, premotor area, the cerebellum, and basal ganglia are principally involved. | 2 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 173 | Every normal person thinks about objects and events that are remote in time and place from the immediate flow of sensations. This is what is meant by mental experiences. | 4 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 173 | The presence of mental images and their use by an animal to regulate its behavior, provides a pragmatic working definition of consciousness. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 184 | There are about 10,000 spine synapse is on each pyramidal cell. | 11 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 185 | The bouton of a presynaptic neuron contains about 2000 synaptic vesicles. Only about 30 to 50 of the synaptic vesicles are embedded in the firing zone of the presynaptic vesicular grid. The remainder are loosely arranged in the interior of the bouton. | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 195 | Map of some functions of right hemisphere - (diagram) | 10 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 200 | Modular design of the cerebral neocortex. | 5 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 201 | Some pyramidal cells of a module project in an overlapping manner to other modules. (axon bifurcates and goes to two modules) | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 202 | Corticocortical connectivity diagram. - Connections are established in highly specific patterns between vertical columns with a diameter 200-300 microns in both hemispheres. Ipsilateral connections are derived mainly from cells in Layer III. Contralateral connections derive from Layers II to IV. The semantic connections have profuse branching in all laminae. - (illustration) | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 207 | Roger Sperry and associates develop testing procedures for 'split-brain' patients. Each disconnected hemisphere behaved as if it were not conscious of the cognitive events in partner hemisphere. Each brain half appeared to have its own, largely separate, cognitive domain with its own private perceptual, learning and memory experiences, all of which were seemingly oblivious of corresponding events and the other hemisphere. | 5 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 207 | In contrast to the crossed projection of vision, the predominately crossed projection of hearing, and the crossed representations of both motor and sensory innervation of hands, there is the strictly unilateral projection of smell. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 207 | Arithmetical calculation is predominant in the left hemisphere. Only very simple additions can be carried out by the right hemisphere. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 207 | The right hemisphere is a very highly developed brain except that it cannot express itself in language, so it is not able to disclose any experience of consciousness that we can recognize. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 208 | Each of the disconnected hemispheres of split-brain patients has its own Gnostic functions. Each hemisphere in the lateralized testing procedures appeared to be using its own percepts, mental images, and associations and ideas. | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 208 | The consciousness in the right hemisphere is obscured by its lack of expressive language. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 208 | The left hemisphere has a normal linguistic performance, so it can be recognized as being associated with the prior existence of the self with all the memories of the past before the commissural section. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 208 | In general, the dominant hemisphere is specialized in respect to fine imaginative details in all descriptions and reactions, i.e. it is analytical and sequential. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 208 | The dominant hemisphere can add, subtract, and multiply and carry out other computer like operations. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 208 | The dominant hemisphere's dominance derives from its verbal and ideational abilities and its liaison to self-consciousness. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 208 | The minor hemisphere is preeminent in many important properties, particularly in respect to its spatial abilities with a strongly developed pictorial and pattern sense. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 209 | The right hemisphere has access to a considerable auditory vocabulary, being able to recognize commands and to relate words presented by hearing or vision to pictorial representations. | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 211 | The human cerebral hemispheres exist in a symbiotic relationship in which both the capacities and motivations to act are complementary. | 2 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 211 | Each side of the brain is able to perform and chooses to perform a certain set of cognitive tasks that the other side finds difficult. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 211 | The right hemisphere notes visual similarities to the exclusion of conceptual similarities. The left hemisphere does the opposite. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 211 | The right hemisphere perceives form, the left hemisphere perceives detail. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 211 | The right hemisphere codes sensory input in terms of images, the left hemisphere in terms of linguistic descriptions. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 211 | The right hemisphere lacks a phonological analyzer; the left hemisphere lacks a Gestalt synthesizer. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 211 | The right hemisphere specialties are all nonverbal, nonmathematical and non-sequential in nature. They are largely spatial and imagistic. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 212 | Neural tube of a 97-day monkey fetus in process of forming the neocortex - (diagram) | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 213 | It is proposed that the neo-neocortical areas are developed in evolution for the special gnostic functions that are unique features in hominid evolution. Brodmann areas 39 and 40 are the most clearly defined areas of the neo-neocortex, but the middle prefrontal and inferior temporal lobules also qualify. | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 214 | Nerve cells arranged in a clonal vertical minicolumn as envisaged by Mountcastle. | 1 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 214 | Wide range of specialization for gnostic functions of the most diverse kinds. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 214 | Late development of the neocortex should be indicated by the delayed mitoses in large patches of neuroepithelial cells of the human neural tube. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 214 | Special internal connectivities characterizing the unique gnostic functions and the asymetrical distribution of these functions. | 0 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 216 | By puberty (about 14 years) the functional asymetries have been fixed. | 2 | |||||||||
| Eccles; Evolution of Brain | 237 | Eccles view [I don't agree with it.]: "Since materialist solutions fail to account for our experienced uniqueness, I am constrained to attribute the uniqueness of the Self or Soul to a supernatural spiritual creation. Each Soul is a new Devine creation which is implanted into the growing fetus at some time between conception and birth." | 21 | |||||||||